terminologies

Terminologies:

Gastritis - inflammation of the stomach
Pylorectomy - removal of pylorec end of stomach
Hapatitis - inflammation of the liver
Cholecystitis - inflammation of the gall
bladdecholecochitis - inflammation of the common bile duct
Enteritis - inflammation of intestine
Colitis inflammation of the large colon
Appendecitis- inflammation of the appendix
Cystitis - inflammation of the urinary bladder
Hernioraphy - repair of the Hernia
Laparotomy - incision in the abdomen

Hepatitis

Hepatitis

TOXIC POISONING

• from accidental intake of chemical or maybe injected parenterally like for example: arsenic, gold compound, chloroform,carbon tetrachloride, phosphorous, which these may leads to acute liver cirrhosis or toxic hepatitis.

Signs and Symptoms:

• for milder case symptoms are like epidemic hepatitis
  
• toxic progress to acute stage of liver cirrhosis-

1. intense jaundice
2. persistent vomiting with blood
3. hemorrhage under the skin-hematoma
4. delirium
5. coma
6. convulsion develop
7. die after few days

Nursing Management:

• emotional support
• encourage personal hygiene to feel comfortable
• blood transfusion, intravenous solution and saline solution as prescribed by the physician
• few recover but still develop cirrhosis of the liver , so continue providing comfort and treatment

LIVER ABSCESS

LIVER ABSCESS

• Liver serves as the strainer of the blood returning to the gastrointestinal tract. But if the abscess along the way, there is a possibility that the organisms mixes with the blood and deposited to the liver.. Bacteria organisms destroyed liver cells and leukocytes resulting an abscess of the liver.

Signs and Symptoms:

• high fever
• chills and cold clammy perspiration
• jaundice
• painful enlargement of the liver
• anemia
• toxemia
• eventually death

Nursing Measures:

• for fever- increase fluid intake, sponge bath and analgesic as prescribed by the doctor
• make patient comfortable , encourage oral and personal hygiene
  
• emotional support

HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS- scaring or hardening of the liver

1. Laennec's Portal cirrhosis- due to alcoholism
2. postnecrotic cirrhosis -scar tissue due to acute viral hepatitis
3. biliary cirrhosis- case of chronic biliary obstruction and infection (cholangitis)

Signs and Symptoms:

• loss of appetite
• nausea and vomiting
• low grade fever
• jaundice
• later symptoms are;
• obstruction of portal circulation, liver cannot function,so spleen and gastrointestinal affected and apt to diarrhea and constipation
• weight loss
  
• ascitis appear
  
• jaundice
• internal hemorrhage

Nursing measurement:

• careful attention to patient
• measure intake and output and recorded daily
  
• bed rest and turn side to side to avoid pneumonia and bed sores
• diet should high protein diet supplemented by Vitamin B complex and A, C, & K
• encourage to eat at least small 3 times a day
• oral hygiene for nausea and vomiting
• Increase fluid intake to replace fluid loss during diarrhea
• jaundice should bath without soap to avoid skin irritation
• edema should lower sodium intake and carefully record intake & output daily
• ascitis- ristrick sodium, elevate head to facilitate breathing
• for hemorrhage manefestation like epistaxis, petechia and bleeding gum
• avoid trauma
• safe environmentcareful toothbrushing to avoid trauma of the gums
• loose clothing

Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis- is an inflammation of the liver due to viral infection .

• Due to viral infection- acquired through blood transfusion, sexual acts and contact of open wound to an infected like dental instruments or medical instrument
  
• Due to obstruction of biliary tract and presence of gallstone may cause the impairment of the liver
• Excessive taking of alcohol. usually to person who are addicted to alcohol

HEPATITIS A

HEPATITIS A

• Acquire there ingestion of foods or water infected by virus
• an infected food handlers ca spread the disease
• acquired through eating of shellfish from sewage contaminated sea shore
• contaminated drinking water
• sexual contact with infected person
• blood transfusion

Signs and Symptoms:

• asymptomatic at the early stage
• fatigue, anorexia nausea and vomiting, body weakness, loss of appetite
• jaundice, amber clay colored stool, pain in the right upper quadrant

Nursing Management:

• bed rest
• frequent feeding or anorexia to meet the nutritional need of the body
• offered attractive food for loss of appetite and for nausea
• maintain good diet
• iv fluids as per the doctors advised

HEPATITIS C

HEPATITIS C:

• type of hepatitis accounts for the majority of blood borne cases primarily classified as non A and non B hepatitis

Sign and Symptoms are same with Hepatitis B